Executive Summary
This report provides an analysis of the landscape of online hate speech in the Czech language across major social media platforms. In recent years, the Czech Republic has experienced a continuous escalation of hate and hostility in online public spaces. Predominantly, this phenomenon has been directed toward minority and vulnerable communities such as Roma (2% of the population), migrant (10.4%), LGBTQ+ (7%), and Jewish and Muslim (each below 1%) populations.
In 2024, the Federation of Jewish Communities recorded 4,694 antisemitic incidents, showing an 8.46% increase compared to the previous year. Approximately 96% of these incidents occurred online. Comparative European surveys have also repeatedly documented negative attitudes toward Muslims and migrants in Czechia since at least the mid-2010s, while the government’s 2024 adoption of the term “antigypsyism” formally recognized anti-Roma racism as a distinct and persistent form of hatred. Further, the Anti-discrimination Act of 2009 is an overarching piece of legislation aimed at preventing discrimination based on sex, sexual orientation and gender identity. Nevertheless, sexist, anti-LGBTQ+, and anti-gender narratives remain present in Czech society.
Despite this, Czech-language online hate remains systematically understudied. For instance, there has been some mapping of the hate climate during the peak of the European migrant crisis in 2015. Others have outlined gender-based hate against women’s participation in Czech politics. A smattering of other texts intermittently cover the last fifteen years or look at the nation through regional comparison, yet these works fixate on specific case studies or manifestations rather than providing a broader overview of the online hate environment. Further, hate speech research is overwhelmingly concentrated on English-language content, leaving smaller language communities with limited empirical attention even as harmful narratives adapt fluently to local political contexts.
This report maps the current landscape of Czech-language online hate across five identified themes: anti-Roma, antisemitic, anti-Muslim, anti-migrant, and anti-gender/ anti-LGBTQ+ narratives. It covers both older “enemy” target groups such as Roma and Jews, as well as newer “enemy” groups, e.g., racialized migrants, Muslims, and gender minorities, as part of the same digital hate ecosystem. Drawing on a dataset of 2,500 high-toxicity posts collected between March 2025 and March 2026, we identify the dominant narratives within each theme and trace how they converge on shared conspiratorial frameworks.
Our findings show that online hate might correlate with tangible offline consequences. For instance, stereotypes of Roma criminality documented in this report mirror those implicated in false allegations, discriminatory policing, and disproportionate incarceration of Roma. Moreover, online discourse places minorities in a position of precarity, undermines civil discourse, and contributes to a climate that legitimizes discrimination and violence.
The period covered by this report was also one of political realignment. The October 2025 parliamentary elections returned Andrej Babiš’s ANO to power in coalition with the far-right Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD) and the Motorists. SPD, a party long associated with anti-Roma, anti-Muslim, and anti-migrant rhetoric, entered government for the first time, and its leader Tomio Okamura was elected Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies on 5 November 2025, the third-highest constitutional office in the country. In our report, Okamura is a central figure who frequently spreads hateful discourse online. The subsequent narratives documented in our findings (e.g., demographic replacement, elite betrayal, cultural incompatibility) are therefore no longer confined to fringe online spaces but circulate in proximity to mainstream political power.
This report is divided into several sections outlining the Czech-language hate landscape. First, the methodology details the keyword-based approach to collect and analyze social media posts using OSINT tools. The following findings discuss five manifestations of hate, each offering a unique perspective on the contemporary landscape. These themes should not be understood in isolation, however, but actively connect and disseminate alongside one another, which is explored through converging narratives. Finally, the conclusion provides key insights and recommendations to (re)focus policy and practitioners’ attention on non-English and smaller EU countries’ proclivity for spreading hate online.
Key Findings
- Anti-Roma rhetoric dehumanized and excluded Roma, portraying them as inherently criminal, lazy, and dependent on welfare, and as an out-group that does not belong to the nation.
- Antisemitic content consistently framed Jewish individuals and communities as perpetrators of violence, alongside conspiratorial narratives of hidden Jewish influence and control.
- Anti-Muslim content overwhelmingly portrayed Muslims and Islam as a threat to Czech and European society. Approximately 41% of posts invoked narratives of Islamization, invasion, and societal threat, while also using dehumanizing language and portraying Muslims as inherently violent and criminal.
- Security threat narratives dominated anti-migrant discourse with African and Muslim migrants disproportionately portrayed as inherent criminals and violent sexual predators threatening Czech women and children. These narratives featured alongside claims of cultural incompatibility and the Great Replacement conspiracy theory.
- Anti-gender and anti-LGBTQ+ narratives particularly targeted trans people, accusing them of mental illness, biological essentialism, predation, and a threat to children. Such narratives were amplified by key politicians and verified accounts on X, showing this rhetoric carries no social taboo among prominent public figures.
- Across all five categories of hate (anti-migrant, antisemitic, anti-Muslim, anti-LGBTQ+, and anti-Roma) posts repeatedly drew on shared conspiratorial frameworks, indicating that these forms of hate do not operate in isolation but mutually reinforce one another. These overlaps surface in discussions of cultural incompatibility and belonging to the nation, and in warnings of societal collapse.
- Czech-language online hate remains systematically understudied and inadequately addressed by existing regulatory mechanisms. Despite hate appearing across major social media platforms, the Czech Telecommunications Office (ČTÚ), the country’s Digital Services Coordinator, still lacks the statutory powers necessary to carry out core DSA functions.